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Pneumonia: Causes, Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Pneumonia is a dangerous disease, in which pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus discovered since 2019 has been having a strong impact on the global economy and life. The number of deaths from pneumonia is putting pressure on disease control of many countries around the world.

1. What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma including alveolitis, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, interstitial connective tissue and terminal bronchiolitis. The alveoli, the air passages in the lungs, can fill with fluid or pus, causing a cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, phòng khám nam khoa Gò Vấp, and shortness of breath. Usually, there are many factors that cause pneumonia, but it is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can range in severity from mild inflammation to severe pneumonia. The disease is especially dangerous for infants, young children and people over 65 years of age with many underlying medical conditions, or a weakened immune system.

Pneumonia can be classified in many different ways depending on the cause and classification purposes, but in general today pneumonia is mainly classified based on the cause of the pneumonia and the source of infection.

2. Causes of pneumonia

2.1. Bacterial pneumonia

Bacteria are the cause of most cases of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Bacterial pneumonia is usually transmitted by droplets (when a healthy person inhales or swallows droplets filled with bacteria after an infected person coughs or sneezes). People with weakened immune systems and people with chronic medical conditions are more susceptible to bacterial pneumonia than the general population.

2.2. Pneumonia due to viral infection

Currently, the most dangerous viral pneumonia is the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As of September 4, 2021, pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has hit the world, infecting 220 million people, of which over 4.56 million people died. In addition, pneumonia can be caused by many other viruses that cause colds and flu.

2.3. Fungal pneumonia

This type of pneumonia, caused by inhaling fungal spores, is common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. Fungal pneumonia develops very quickly, when inhaled, the fungal spores attach to the lungs. Smokers, living in dusty, phòng khám nam khoa Tân Bình, moldy environments are susceptible to fungal pneumonia.

2.4. Chemical pneumonia

Chemical pneumonia is also known as aspiration pneumonia. This is a very rare but dangerous pneumonia. Chemical pneumonitis occurs with varying degrees of severity. The severity of the condition will depend on: the type of chemical, the time of exposure, the patient's condition, the first aid measures taken... In addition, the chemicals that cause pneumonia can also be harmful to many people. other agency.

2.5. Hospital pneumonia

Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours after admission to the hospital without previous symptoms of pneumonia. Nosocomial pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp, Enterobacteriacae, Haemophilus spp, S. aureus, Streptococcus spp.

2.6. Community pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia refers to all types of pneumonia that are not hospital-acquired pneumonia. The causes of community-acquired pneumonia are diverse, the most common being bacterial and viral pneumonia.

3. Subjects prone to pneumonia

3.1. Children

Children under 5 years old, especially those under 2 months old, are the age group with the highest risk of contracting and dying from pneumonia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), each year about 150 million episodes of pneumonia occur in children in the developing world, of which about 11 million are hospitalized. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in children under 5 years of age. The organization also estimates that every day around 4,300 children die from pneumonia worldwide. In Vietnam alone, each year, about 2.9 million children get pneumonia and about 4,000 children die from pneumonia.

3.2. Pregnant women

During pregnancy, a woman's immune system is weakened, so she is easily attacked by viruses and bacteria. Therefore, pregnant women are susceptible to pneumonia. Pneumonia during pregnancy can seriously affect the health of the pregnant woman and the fetus. The disease will increase the risk of pregnancy complications, premature birth, and possibly miscarriage. In particular, the average person with mild pneumonia can be treated at home, and the disease can be cured in about 2 to 3 weeks. For pregnant women, if pneumonia is suspected, they should immediately seek medical attention and receive treatment as prescribed by a doctor to avoid affecting the fetus.

3.3. Elder

Elderly people have weak health and poor adaptability, so in the erratic rainy season, they are prone to respiratory diseases, phòng khám nam khoa Thủ Đức, including pneumonia. Elderly people with pneumonia, if not treated promptly, will lead to many complications, typically respiratory failure.

3.4. Other risk factors

Hospitalized patients are at higher risk for pneumonia if you are in the intensive care unit of a hospital, especially if you are on a breathing machine (ventilator).